Butterfly corp Essay

1. Prioritizing the issues that Butterfly needs to deal with are, that in Puerto Rico suppliers mistreat their workers, retailers in some countries were diluting the products and selling them as full strength, some plant employees were suffering pay cuts while others were not. Employees that have worked at Butterfly for many years were having their hours cut to 36-hour workweeks, losing their full-time benefits. There are also political alliances being formed among marketing, finance, manufacturing, and corporate headquarters. Each plant operates as an independent profit-making entity. Butterfly’s workers tended to be women; children were being left to fend for themselves. In some Latin American countries, husbands were angry because their wives earned more than they did, corporate people at Butterfly are mostly men. I think implementing an ethics program can address these issues by showing all suppliers, employees, even the corporate heads that this company stands for what is right, and they want to bring the company back to core values and good ethics. I believe for the most part all these issues that Butterfly is suffering are all ethical issues. If everyone in the company, even foreign companies, know that there will be a new ethics committee and that every company will be expected to follow this set of ethical guidelines, will help get this company back on track. Either the companies will follow the new set of ethical guidelines or be penalized, or they may want to close down. Unfortunately, it is more difficult to control foreign companies because our ethics in the United States are completely different. 2. I think that the new ethics committee should have a wide array of people. I think it should have a representative from each continent that has a Butterfly, both men and woman with different areas of expertise. I think the committee’s first steps toward implementing an effective ethics program should be to communicate these new ethical standards. Explain why they are needed and how the company will implement them. Then put a high-level employee in to oversee all aspects of the new ethics program. All companies need to educate and train all employees about the new program. The new ethics program needs to be monitored and there needs to be reporting of all aspects, if something is found, there needs to be proper discipline. I think that there needs to be a way for all employees to respond to any changes being made and let supervisors know. 3. Yes, I believe that the new ethics committee should commission an ethics audit. How would they know if  all the companies are conforming to the new ethical program without doing an audit? This will also show them if the others can conform to new ethical standards and if more discipline needs to be implemented. Should the new ethics committee commission an ethics audit? If yes, when should the audit be conducted? If no, why not

Global Access Control Case Study Essay

With business always changing and data always needing to be protected, it has become an issue to determine the level of security for confidentiality and integrity purposes while allowing it all to be properly available for use. To put Global in front of the competition with its customers it implements its Global Connect-Link for collaboration. Through the use of its security division, CIS, Global prioritizes its data according to the risk of activity of usage against the potential business reward. It conducts constant supervision and monitoring to maintain confidentiality, integrity and availability. Global also has its own Continuity Manager software to manage large amounts of external users while maintaining the necessary centralized security from unauthorized access. Another level of security Global offers is its DLP or data loss prevention product. This keeps all data whether structured or unstructured when in motion or at rest from being compromised and deleted. Lastly in regards to Global’s controls and the documentation of the effectiveness of these controls, CompScan, an audit program is in place to collect and analyze all the data. The overall analysis of Global is that they seem to have a good grasp on keeping all data protected for confidentiality purposes, allows for the transferring of the data to be done securely for integrity purposes and gives it customers, partners, employees and suppliers proper access to all data based on privileges for availability purposes. The only weakness that may exist is the proper training for its employees on all that Global offers. With such incredible software support and ability to provide security without worry it will have to maintain constant training to make sure that simple human error doesn’t become an issue but if something were to happen then the proper steps are taken and followed to avoid corruption from taking place. When it comes to the reporting of is financial data certai n policies and procedures must be followed accurately. With an insecure system the opportunity of having inaccurate financial data reported is a good likelihood. Federal laws require that financial data of any sort be kept private and secure at all times whether at rest on the network or in transit when being viewed or sent to a fellow business entity. The use of the security division’s IRM or information risk management has had a great influence on its ability to  maintain business and get the edge on its competitors. The use of its Connect-Link, its prioritizing of security on investments, its Continuity Manager, its data loss prevention product and its CompScan it’s easy to see why peace of mind is something that is Global can offer at a 95% success rate. To solve the internal problems like employee training, Global can hire a outside company to come in on a basis determined by the security division and conduct classes to make sure all employees are up to date on proper procedures and understanding of keeping security at the top of their own priority list. Maintaining good training programs minimizes the risk of user errors but doesn’t completely eliminate them. Adding other security like anti-virus software to the workstations and closing off ports that are not in use on a regular basis will also help ensure a higher percentage of user compliance to following the rules and policies in place.

Living Through the End of the World by Paul Wapner Essay

Living Through the End of the World by Paul Wapner - Essay Example 6-7) In his important text on the post-modern environmental movement entitled â€Å"Living Through The End of The World,† Paul Wapner engages the modern view of nature as something to be dominated and traces this trend to its apotheosis in â€Å"the end of nature†. In this manner, he traces the evolution of Western thinking about nature from Descartes to the work of Bill McKibben, who argued that modernity had reached a level where human behavior became an actual threat to the balance of life on the planet. This trend can be seen in the innumerable species of plants and animals that have been forced into extinction or placed on the endangered list due to the increasing population and technological prowess associated with human growth and civilization. Wapner worries about the loss of â€Å"wildness,† that part of nature that has consistently be viewed as â€Å"other† and outside of humanity’s conscious will and control. Wapner builds this argument f rom Thoreau, who wrote, â€Å"In wildness is the preservation of the world.† (Wapner, 2010, p.4) Thus, the heart of his argument is that human civilization and technology have progressed to such a level of ubiquity in the land, sea, and sky that there is hardly any true â€Å"wildness† remaining. ... This is seen in the extension of roads, airplanes, ships, and other forms of transportation which replace the natural trails our ancestors walked in mythologies at one with nature. The difference between Native American and modern American civilization probably illustrates these changes most starkly, but the same effects are seen worldwide. Nuclear power and weapons threaten the destruction of all life in the environment, even the possibility of a nuclear winter that could be an extinction event for large numbers of species and plants. Because nuclear energy is widely considered the â€Å"pinnacle† of modern civilization, in its destructive power and unleashing of energy by splitting the atom, it is also an example of modernism that can be most extremely contrasted in its destruction with the traditional way of living harmoniously with nature by sustaining it. Wapner elevates â€Å"the feral† as an archetypal example of the wild and those parts of our planet not domesti cated my humans. (Wapner, 2010, p.41) Similarly, he contrasts spontaneity with the scheduled and regulated nature of modern society. In this manner, the potential loss of quality in human civilization can become an issue, as certain integral relationships with plants, animals, and natural forces have been lost to humans existing in almost a completely artificial and media-driven environment daily. Wapner seeks in the feral aspects of a primordial relationship which elude empirical control of human civilization, for these processes themselves would not be considered natural if they are part of human will or ego-centric lifestyles and able to be twisted to our self-serving desires. The return to wildness or the feral elements of nature also relates to enchantment

Turner Syndrome Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Turner Syndrome - Research Paper Example The condition has various symptoms, some of which are physical while the rest are biological (American Psychiatric Association, 2004). Physical symptoms include swollen broad necks, webbed necks, and reduced hair line, hanging ears and swollen eyes among others. Biological symptoms are irregular or no menstrual cycle. The condition could further to certain complications like heart diseases, impaired vision and hearing, diabetes and thyroid complications among others. This discourse is about turner syndrome, explaining its causes, symptoms and diagnosis among other relevant subjects. Causes Turner syndrome arises from absence or abnormalities of the x chromosomes in part or whole of the cells. A normal girl should have two x chromosomes inherited from both the male and female parents (Bondy, 2009). However, one of the x chromosomes may be affected or missing in the sex cells rising to turner syndrome. Abnormalities of the x chromosomes could rise from mosaicism, a condition resulting from inappropriate cell division in the early days or stages of fetal developments (Bondy, 2009). This may cause variations in the cells composition, with some having two x chromosomes while others having only one X chromosome (Bondy, 2009). Furthermore, a cell may have both complete and faulty X chromosome. Monosomy is another factor causing the condition and here the victim lacks one of the X chromosomes, due to complications in the father’s sperms or mother’s eggs (Bondy, 2009). Turner syndrome could also result from Y chromosome material, a condition where a female have cells with one complete X chromosome while other cells have X chromosome and Y chromosome material (Morgan, 2007). Apart from turner chromosome, chromosomal errors could lead to ovarian complications, short body structures and gonadoblastoma among others (Bondy, 2009). Signs and syndrome Turner syndrome has various signs and symptoms and this include swollen limps (hands and feet), low or reduced ha ir line, broad chest, obesity, lack of menstrual period, smaller finger nails, webbed or broadened neck, visual and hearing impairments, smaller hips when compared with the waist, low memory and concentrations, majorly in children and adolescents, difficulties in learning developments, drooping eyelids , smaller or receding lower jaw, upward turned fingernails, delayed growth, sensitivity to noise, broader chest with wide spaced nipples, and social withdrawal among others (Fink & Taylor, 2008). However, it is important to note that different patients or victims exhibit different symptoms depending on their body systems (Fink & Taylor, 2008). The signs and symptoms may change as the patient develops, for instance, older girls and young women may experience poor sexual developments or even inability to conceive, lack of menstrual cycles, even in the absence of pregnancy, difficulty to get along with peers, difficulty in learning spatial and math concepts and abnormal height of even 20 centimeters (Fink & Taylor, 2008). Parents are greatly advised tom take keen monitor of their daughters at early development stages and should any of the signs be noted, prompt diagnosis and care should be initiated (Morgan, T. (2007). Exams and Tests Turner syndrome could be diagnosed through testing the patients’ amniotic fluid (amniocentesis) as a prenatal procedure. The procedure helps deal with the chromosomal abnormalities and the fetal infections

Challenges facing consumers in the UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Challenges facing consumers in the UK - Essay Example Consumers in the UK are often faced with a number of challenges.The challenges are due to a rise in energy prices,rise in housing,horse meat scandal,and unhealthy competition.Competition is the essence of life but more often,in competition,the market would always want to take advantage of consumers lest the consumers be protected from exploitation This is why competition laws are instituted. Competition laws are about applying the law to ensure that there is an healthy competition between companies without interference with each other’s rights (Whish, & Bailey, 2012). The competition laws are also healthy because they protect the customer or consumers from harmful behaviors of ill mannered companies (Monti, 2007). Competition laws are fields of interests because they aid in creating a wide variety of choices for consumers that it widens consumers’ options, it encourages efficiency and enterprise, and it also helps in the reduction of prices and improvement of quality. H ousing is a major setback to the citizens of UK. The value of houses is high for the common citizens. However, there are individuals and companies that have come up to set houses for rentals. These have created competition that is bringing competition. Competition helps in pushing for low prices that make goods and services accessible to all. This ensures that virtually everybody can get access to good housing thus an improvement in peoples’ livelihood (Cseres, 2005). ... For companies to get good market share, they have to ensure that their products are of good quality. This is the one of the ways that a business can gain competitive advantage over their competitors. In this respect, better quality of goods and services could mean that companies would bring products that can last longer or serve their customers in a better way (Kokkoris, & Lianos, 2010). This could also mean better after-sale services, and a general friendly customer service. This would mean that customers are treated with respect and it also mean that customers are treated as ends in themselves but not as mere means of getting profits. Oil companies have been facing a number of challenges further transferring their costs and challenges to the final consumers. Putting competition laws into perspective also ensures that companies offer more choices to the market (Agnew, 1985). This means that companies would come with different options and different unique products which can meet the needs of their target market in an efficient way than the rest of the offers available in the market. Companies strive to meet these demands to command the market while offering better services with reasonable balanced prices (Zimmer, 2012). In order to maintain such standards as to deliver varied choices, a company has to be innovative so as to remain relevant to time and choices (Jones, & Sufrin, 2007). Innovation implies that companies constantly produce better products, their designs have to be improved, and products services and business techniques have to be appealing to the consumers (Henning-Bodewig, 2006). Better competition also helps in training business to remain relevant to the global economy and competitions.

Engish Language- Discourse in Action Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Engish Language- Discourse in Action - Essay Example Us† (Text C) which use simple imperative forms of the verb â€Å"join.† There can be no ambiguity in the urge to follow this instruction, but Text C supplements the bare command with the use of the inclusive pronoun â€Å"us†, and the supplementary heading â€Å"Get involved.† The difference here is one of emphasis, whereby Text L stresses the recognition factor of its party name â€Å"Labour† and Text C stresses the element of belonging to a group. The connotations are political for Text L and personal for Text C, which indeed reflects the philosophy of collective and historic activism on the left, and individualism on the right. The most obvious linguistic difference between the two texts is the register of the preliminary introduction . Text L has an informal style, starting with an open question â€Å"Do you feel the same way we do about the kind of Britain you want to live in?† The question addresses the reader directly and suggests implicitly that a â€Å"yes† response is required. The next paragraph consists of three phrases separated by semi-colons and arranged as if they were a sentence unit. There is no main verb in this unit, however, and so it does not qualify as a proper sentence. This style is reminiscent of spoken language, where less attention is paid to the rules of formal grammar. The intention here is no doubt to make the process of joining the Labour party appear to be a casual, everyday event, which does not require any deep thought or special preparation. These three follow-up phrases make use of the rhetorical device of repetition, in a sequence: â€Å"A Britain where the re is†¦; where education is†¦and where you and your family†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Text L) This usage is reminiscent of the speech-making techniques of former Labour Leader Tony Blair, whose personal style, no doubt heavily influenced by professional script writers, included many such non-grammatical phrases The informality of Text L continues with a further command, expanding the title of the

China Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

China - Assignment Example While taking into account, the â€Å"long-cycle theory†, which stipulates that, a hegemon after being in power for some time is likely to be challenged by an upcoming superpower, thus, China seems to be the perfect challenger. Even though, China intends to become a superpower, it will be difficult for it to achieve this goal since; the world in the past century has embraced the culture of avoiding an all-out war. Moreover, the United States cannot let its place as the number one in the world to be taken since it is aware of the bloodshed, which can be witnessed in the event that such takeover occurs through a great-power war. Yes, when China becomes a superpower, there are many indications that it will threaten the US. These threats will be; political, social, and economic. Firstly, the political threats that China will foster will be the enforcing of authoritarian governments, instead of promoting democracy. China has the reputation of governing its citizens through authoritarian rule. Superpowers maintain their number one position by influencing other nations and governments; therefore, for China to cement its leadership, it will influence various governments to become authoritarian, and this in the process will kill freedom and democracy. Secondly, as a super-power, China would threaten the US through spreading its ideology of communism while denouncing the ideology of capitalism. Thirdly, in recent years, China’s economic influence, particularly with African and Asian countries has been on a steady rise. While considering the above, when China becomes a superpower, it is beyond imagination on how its economic influence will continue to grow. The overwhelming economic growth of China will be a great threat to the US economy. The US strategy towards China should start with the US ensuring that it maintains its position as the world’s superpower. The US ought to show that it is powerful enough, and it is not

Organization Leadership Experience, Communication and the Power of Essay

Organization Leadership Experience, Communication and the Power of Questions - Essay Example In my organizations coaching process, good communication is demonstrated through effective use of technological aids, and conduction of surveys regularly to get the reviews and insights from the coach as well as the coachees. These surveys reveal information about the level of satisfaction of both the coach and the coachee with the coaching process, and their proposed measures for making the communication more effective. â€Å"What [the coachees] do want is ongoing communication with their executives concerning the "big picture" -- how their work is making a difference and suggestions on how they can improve† (Goldsmith, 2009). In my high school, I had experience of coaching as I had to prepare myself for a Football match between my school and another school’s team. I was assigned a coach who was very good at communication. By telling us hand symbols and their meanings, he provided us with a way to communicate with each other over long distances and in loud and noisy grounds. Our coach remained curious as to whether we were all able to understand him from a distance; â€Å"Curiosity on the part of coaches empowers teachers to find their own answers, to be more resourceful, and to discover new possibilities for moving forward† (Tschannen-Moran and Tschannen-Moran, 2010). At the end of each session, the coach would ask us what we understood when he made a certain symbol, and our responses reassured him that we had received his messages correctly. Contrary to this, another coach with whom I worked in the sports complex employed the use of mobile phones for communication over long distances, whic h was impracticable since we either ran out of signals or something else would happen to disrupt the communication or the quality of game such as accidentally dropping the mobile phone while running. Rather than asking us whether we found communication over mobiles effective or not in

Technology gets better over time Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Technology gets better over time - Essay Example According to Langdon Winner (2001) in his essay â€Å"Whatever happened to the electronic cottage?,† he has described the illusionary concept drawn by Alvin Toffler in his book, â€Å"The Third Wave† (1980) that technology would help the people to become more closer; they would develop more social bonding among them which would give rise to greater community stability along with an increase in the establishment of voluntary organizations supporting different groups in a society. His vision of an ideal society established on the basis of advancement of technology suggests that there would be less stress and more leisure in the lives of people with an increased focus on the expansion of values and morality within the social structure. The vision drawn by Alvin Toffler came to reality but with bitter results. ... It is important to understand that how these technological interactions have influenced individuals and the groups in a society, at large. The emergence of social networking sites have become a major medium for communication for a large number of people all around the globe. The use of such social networking sites can have positive as well as the negative consequences on the lives of people which depend on how they are using it. In a society where people are geographically separated and one tries to keep in touch with his family and friends, technology has facilitated them in maintaining their relations even in the farthest corners of the world. For a person, it has become just a matter of time to re-connect with his long-lost companion through a social networking site. However, with the benefits and positive aspects related with the use of social networking sites we cannot ignore the negative consequences and risk associated with the use of social networking sites and increased virt ual communications. Different people have different influences of such websites. This issue can be explained with an example of a man who displays all the events of his day on a play card and stands holding them on a public place. Due to this particular act of his display, he draws the attention and reaction of known and unknown people towards the internal affairs of his life; giving an opportunity to comment on his personal life and affairs. The vast extend of all kinds of comments and remarks on social media plays a negative role in the user’s life regardless whether the comments or remarks are true or not; their results are devastating in many peoples’ lives. According to

How can social media be used as a powerfful marketing tool in a small Research Paper

How can social media be used as a powerfful marketing tool in a small business (Using case study) - Research Paper Example rough interview with the owner of the business as well as looking into the financial figures derived from their sales and comparing them from the time she used traditional word-of-mouth marketing to the time she already used Facebook as a marketing medium. The findings prove that since posting pictures of her children’s clothes in her Facebook page and setting up one for TCC, the business’ sales has grown by 150% in just nine months. The profit increase is evidence that Facebook is an effective marketing medium for a small business. The internet has evolved to be a powerful tool that can be used for a variety of purposes. Being known as the information highway without leaving one’s home, it provides users with a vast range of sources of information that allow them to find answers to any question in one click. Even businesses have boomed with the utilization of online advertisements. Currently, social media has likewise hopped on the marketing bandwagon, offering their sites as platforms for selling products and services in a myriad of ways. Research Objective: This paper will show how small businesses can maximize social media to make their business grow. It will focus on a small dress shop in London started by a young woman who worked from home and decided to sell the dresses she made for children online using her Facebook account. The shop’s name is Twinklestars1. Marketing goods and services online has been ongoing for many years now. Berthon et al. (1996) explain that potential customers begin with their search for a preferred product when they surf the internet. Businesses which have established their website presence are more likely to attract customers as long as they keep their sites dynamic, with their advertising designs and texts consistently updated so they sustain the interest of their customers (Durkin & Lawlor, 2001). Apart from the use of computers, mobile devices have stepped up to include features that access the internet, widening

Causes Of American Imperialism Essay Example for Free

Causes Of American Imperialism Essay The United States gained an overseas empire in the late 1890s and early 1900s due in part to its own expansionist past (which more than doubled the nation’s size during the nineteenth century), but more importantly to economic and geopolitical concerns. American business interests sought more sources of natural resources and, more importantly, larger markets for American goods. In the 1890s, an economic slump made foreign trade seem an attractive solution, and with European tariffs high, American business leaders increasingly looked to Asia. By 1898, the United States already exerted influence over Hawaii, which it formally annexed that year – five years after American business leaders deposed the native monarch and established a republic, in which no native Hawaiians held power. Republicans generally supported this action, seeing the commercial and strategic advantages of establishing American power in the Pacific. Also that year, growing American sympathy for Cuban rebels seeking independence from Spain, as well as the USS Maine’s explosion in Havana harbor, led the United States to declare war on Spain on 25 April 1898. The American decision to take the Philippines was based on the same economic and strategic motives. The United Kingdom, France, and Germany already claimed colonies or other influence in eastern Asia and the Pacific, and the United States used the war as an opportunity to claim its own by annexing the Philippines and ruling them until 1946. Though President McKinley and others claimed they took the Philippines because the Filipinos were not yet â€Å"civilized† enough for self-rule, economics and politics were the true motive, and McKinley himself claimed that doing otherwise â€Å"would have been bad business and discreditable. † WORKS CITED Davis, Kenneth C. Don’t Know Much about History. New York: Avon, 1990. Goldfield, David et al. The American Journey. Upper Saddle River NJ: Pearson, 2005. Henretta, James A. et al. America’s History. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2008.

Analysis of the Indo Nepal Mahakali Treaty

Analysis of the Indo Nepal Mahakali Treaty CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Humans beings depend a lot on the natural resources provided by the nature for their survival. The recent period of human history differs with the earlier period in its strikingly high rate of resource utilisation. In the present environment, apart from energy the other important focus of any nation is in garnishing fresh water, one of the most precious natural resource. Water is required for the domestic use, industrial purpose and agriculture. With the increasing human population and depleting natural resources, as perceived by most, water is likely to be a source of major conflict in the near future. As per analysis, with the impact of global warming and population boom, by the year 2025 our world would be suffering from dramatic effects of hydrologic poverty. There would be great disputes and even war over water. For a country, water is brought by two ways, either as precipitation over her national territory or as inflow from upstream countries in the same river basin. The use and misuse of water in the upstream countries affects its quality and usage in the downstream country. South Asia is a region for both water abundance as well as water scarcity. The Hindukush Himalayan region together with the ancillary mountains is one of the largest store houses of fresh water in the world with most of the nations of this sub continent depending on the same in one way or the other. However, water problem in Asia is already severe, with a large population not having access to safe drinking water. Both India and Nepal share one of the largest geo hydrological region called the Ganga Brahmaputra basin. Most of the major rivers of the sub basin of Ganges river originates from Nepal and thus are trans boundary in nature. Nepal occupies 13 percent of the total drainage of Ganges basin and in terms of annual water flow; it contributes up to 45 percent. In dry seasons, Nepals contribution to the total run off is almost 70 percent[1]. The hydrological features bind both India and Nepal geographically as far as water resource is concerned. There is considerable scope for joint endeavour between both the nations on issues pertaining to water resource development and water management. However various issues relating to the same has not been smooth .The geopolitical influence, big small country syndrome, failure to understand each others sensitiveness and negative approach has led to a situation which may become a source of future conflict and a major issue in shaping the eventualities between both the countries. METHODOLOGY Statement of Problem This dissertation attempts to analyse the genesis of the problem with regard to the Indo Nepal Mahakali treaty and suggest measures to resolve the deepening divide. Hypothesis The Mahakali treaty is formally operational. However, there is a disagreement over interpretation of the provisions. A negotiation based on equitable sharing, i.e. having equal rights on utilisation of the water resource and related benefits depending on each riparian states economic and social need can resolve the deepening divide. Justification of the Study Water insecurity is omnipresent in the region, visible in conflicts and tensions erupting within and across countries. As water is becoming a scanty and critical resource with every passing day, sharing and management of trans-boundary water continues to be a bone of contention in any attempts to build a common understanding, stability, peace and cooperation in the region. Though there are a numerous treaties as far as sharing of trans- boundary river is concerned, however in many places the bilateral treaties signed by different countries and India themselves have become sites of conflict. For a fast developing economy and for a nation like India which believes in the principles of peaceful co existence, there arises a need to address issues which are of concern. As regards to the region is concerned, water governance specifically and ecological governance at large has never been as strong, nor as urgent as now with the growing impact of global warming and depleting fresh water bodies. There has always been the big versus small nation syndrome on many such issues. The need to resolve issues pertaining to trans boundary water is very much essential for peace and cooperation in South Asia. Therefore there arises a need to institute a framework for water governance that is fair, equitable and environmentally sound and resolve such issues which when addressed appropriately could go a long way in the development of the region as a whole. Scope This study concentrates on the Mahakali Integrated Development Treaty under the backdrop of various principles of international law governing international rivers and thereafter advocates some suggestions to resolve the conflict. Although various other joint water resource development treaties currently in place between the two countries are inextricably linked with the subject, the same debate has been excluded from the subject. Method of Data Collection Information for this dissertation was obtained from documentary and non- documentary sources. Cyber media was adequately accessed to obtain the latest views on the subject. A bibliography is appended at the end of the text. Organisation of the Dissertation It is proposed to study the subject in the following manner:- Chapter II: Background of the Treaty. This chapter tries to examine the various issues and treaties pertaining to water sharing between the two countries which had a direct impact on the course of the Mahakali water treaty. Chapter III: The Provisions of the Treaty This chapter deals with the twelve mutually accepted articles of the Mahakali water treaty concerning the integrated development of the Mahakali barrage between the erstwhile His Majestys government of Nepal and the government of India. Chapter IV: Issues of Conflict Though the treaty is formally operational, however the implementation of the provisions has been slow due to disagreement over interpretation of the provisions. This chapter tries to analyse the differences that had emerged between both India and Nepal on various issues pertaining to the treaty. Chapter V : Principles of International Law Governing International Rivers In this chapter the four basic theories with regard to the water rights of various riparian states are dwelled upon. Chapter VI : Possible Measures to Mitigate the Conflict. Though steps have been initiated to resolve the conflict still there are differences over the treaty. In this chapter an endeavour has been made to study various methods to mitigate the deepening divide. CHAPTER II BACKGROUND OF THE TREATY Both India and Nepal share many rivers such as Kosi, Gandaki, Karnali and Mahakali. In order to harness the benefits of the Mahakali river between India and Nepal, a multipurpose project was planned. The Mahakali treaty though provides for a construction of a project on the Mahakali river however it has its background to various historical events, which led to the conclusion of these agreements. As regard to the Indo Nepal water treaty, the water resource development dates back to 1920 when the British Indian government decided to build the Sarda barrage to irrigate the United Province. As per the treaty, Nepal government agreed to transfer 4093.88 acres of her land on the eastern banks of Mahakali river to build a barrage. In exchange Nepal received an equal amount of forest land from the British Indian government to the east[2]. In addition the British Indian government also agreed to give 50,000 rupees, a supply of 4.25 cubic meters per sec (cumsecs) out of an annual flow of 650 cumsecs during dry season and 13 cumsecs of water in the wet season which could be further increased to 28.34 cumsecs if water was available[3]. The project was undertaken by the British Indian government for its own benefit and at her own cost in addition to an equitable transfer of land with some benefits as regard to sharing of water is concerned, being provided to the Nepal government. In 1954 India and Nepal signed the Kosi agreement which entailed construction of a dam on the Kosi river for the use of the river water. The Kosi river is one of the major rivers of Nepal. One of the peculiarities of the river being that it shifts its course frequently and used to flood the plains of Bihar. The Kosi project agreement was signed with the aim of preventing floods in Bihar, diverting the confined water for irrigation and hydropower generation (20,000 KW)[4]. The 1.15 km barrage was completed in 1962. The barrage was entirely in Nepal with the eastern main canal in India[5]. the project was seriously criticised at all levels in Nepal, the complaint being that it was a sell out of national property for Indias benefits and that nothing had been obtained for Nepal in return for a huge expenditure of resources. Subsequently on Nepals insistence, talks were held to revise the agreement in 1966. Later in 1982 the western main canal was completed of which 35 km stretch of the c anal passed through Nepal which was designed to irrigate 356000 hectares of land as far as Darbhanga in India towards the west and 11000 hectares of land in Nepal[6]. Though the project was completed; however there arose a discontented feeling in Nepal. Nepals concerns were that the project gave limited benefit to her compared to India. Though India adjusted to the concerns of Nepal, the agreement created a rift in the relations between the two countries and Nepal became cautious for initiation of any new agreement. In 1959 India and Nepal signed the Gandak Irrigation and Power Project Agreement. As per the agreement, Nepal government allowed India to construct a barrage at her own cost. The barrage was designed to irrigate 920,000 hectares of land in the state of Bihar and 37,000 hectares in western Nepal from the eastern main canal and similarly 930,000 hectares in Uttar Pradesh and 20,000 hectares in Nepal from the western main canal[7]. The barrage was constructed on the Indo Nepal Border. The agreement met similar criticism as had the Kosi project. The discontented feelings arising from the Kosi and the Gandak irrigation project were the reasons which inhibited any progress on the projects to include the Pancheswar and Saptakosi to name a few later on. Furthermore a constitutional amendment made Parliamentary ratification necessary by two third majorities for any treaty or agreement relating to natural resources which affect the country in a pervasively grave manner or on a long term basis. In the meantime, in 1983, India began constructing the Tanakpur Project. The project was started unilaterally on the land which was transferred to India under the Sarda agreement[8]. Problems started on the eastern afflux bund that required tying the barrage to the high ground on the left bank in Nepal. India needed about 2.9 hectares of Nepalese land to construct an embankment to prevent back water effects due to the barrage. In lieu Indian agreed to provide 25,000 cusecs of water as well as supply 25 MW of electricity. Nepal however demanded 50 and 59 percent share in water and electricity respectively. Nepals public stand was that India never consulted or brought to notice any prior information on the issue. The project arrived at a political stale mate. In December 1991 during the visit of Nepalese Prime Minister to India, it was concluded that Nepal government would allow construction of the 577 meters left afflux bund in its territory so as to prevent a recurrence and to ensure poundage of water at the dam site. In return India agreed to provide 1000 cusecs of water annually with 10 million units of electricity. However the issue led to a political turmoil in Nepal. The opposition in Nepal wanted the Tanakpur project understanding to be treated as a treaty and thus requiring ratification. In October 1992 under a new Memorandum of Understanding (MoU), India agreed to provide 20 million units of electricity against the previous figure of 10 million units to Nepal[9]. The Supreme Court of Nepal affirmed its verdict on a petition filed on the issue that the MoU between the governments was indeed a treaty but left it to the government of Nepal to decide whether a simple majority or a two-third majority would be required for its ratification[10]. The political turbulence on the issue led to the Prime Minister of Nepal dissolving the parliament and in the fresh polls in 1994 none of the party received clear majority to form a government. Subsequently a new government under Communist Party of Nepal United Marxist Leninist (CPN UML) was formed being in majority. Under the new government renegotiations were sought on the Tanakpur project. The Nepalese government demanded increase in quantum of electricity as well as water and construction of a storage high dam at Pancheswar upstream of Tanakpur site on the Mahakali river[11]. The Mahakali Treaty The flow of the Mahakali river is through the districts Danchula, Baitadi and Dadeldh in the hills and subsequently the river flows through the Kanchanpur district in the plains. After the river arrives into the plains it turns into a border between both the countries. The river joins the Ghagra river in the Indian territory. In 1971, Nepal began her Mahakali Irrigation project. Under the 1920 Sarda agreement, Nepal was permitted to utilise its share of river water. For the project, World Bank provided the assistance[12]. In 1977 both India and Nepal agreed to jointly investigate the possibilities of harnessing the Mahakali river further between the two countries. It was the fourth major water treaty being considered between the two countries. The treaty concerned the development of Mahakali river for the benefit of both the countries. The treaty was signed between India and Nepal in 1996. The treaty was signed under the back drop of previous treaties which had led to a feeling of mistrust as far as water agreements were concerned and to a great extent shaped the outcome of the Mahakali treaty. The treaty tried to bring within its fold other treaties and tried to arrive with principle of cost benefit sharing. The treaty provides for the construction of and use of a giant, multipurpose project on the Mahakali river called as the Pancheswar project. In January 1996 the Mahakali treaty was ratified in Nepalese parliament by more than two third majorities. However prior to ratification, the Nepalese parliament unanimously passed a stricture on the treaty which redefined the water rights. The features of strictures were as under[13]:- The electricity generated by Nepal would be sold to India as per the avoided cost principal. Constitution of Mahakali Commission on agreement with the main opposition party in the parliament as well as with the recognised national parties. Equal entitlement in the usage of the waters of the Mahakali river. The saying that Mahakali is a boundary river on major stretches between the two countries implies that it is basically a border river. CHAPTER III THE PROVISIONS OF THE MAHAKALI INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT TREATY The treaty came into existence in 1996 and is called as the Mahakali Integrated Development Treaty. The treaty is designed by India with the aim of mutual sharing of the river as well as the electricity generated therein. The treaty comprises three projects as under:- The Pancheswar Multi Project[14] It is a major project entailing construction of a 315 m high dam across the Mahakali river between Pithoragarh and the Baitadi district of Nepal. This project contains the most important content of the treaty. It proposes a joint indo Nepal hydroelectric project on the river on the basis of 50 percent cost benefit split. The Tanakpur Hydropower Project[15] As per the treaty, Nepal to continue to have sovereignty over the 2.9 hectare which was needed to build the eastern afflux bund, as well as a hectare of pondage area. In return India would provide 1000 cusecs of water in the wet season and 300 cusecs of water in the dry season. Also India would provide 70 million units of electricity to Nepal and construct an all weather road to connect Tanakpur barrage to Nepals East West highway. The Sarda Barrage[16] As per the treaty Nepal has a right to supply 1000 cusecs of water from the barrage during the wet season i.e. between May 15 to October 15 and 150 cusecs in the dry season from October 16 to May 15. Also India is bound to maintain a flow of minimum 350 cusecs of water to preserve the river ecosystem. The project tries to develop a principle of sharing cost benefit. It recognises Mahakali as a border river on major stretches between the two countries. The agreement also covers flood management and irrigation aspect apart from power generation. The treaty was signed on 12 February 1996 by the Prime Ministers of India and Nepal at Kathmandu. The treaty comprises twelve articles excluding the preamble as given in succeeding paragraphs[17]. Article 1 As per the Article 1, Nepal would have the right to a supply of 28.35 cu m/s (1000 cusecs) of water from the Sarda barrage in the wet season (i.e. from May 15 to October 15) and 4.25 cu m/s (150 cusecs) in the dry season (i.e. from October 16 to May 14). Also India has to maintain a flow of not less than 10 cu m/s (350 cusecs) downstream of the Sarda barrage in the Mahakali river to maintain and preserve the river eco system. Moreover in case the Sarda barrage became non functional due to any cause, the following would be adhered:- Nepal shall have the right to a supply of water as mentioned above by using head regulators as mentioned in Article 2. The water that is supplied would be in addition to the water to be supplied as mentioned in that paragraph. India shall maintain 350 cusecs of water flow from Tanakpur Power Station downstream of Sarda barrage. Article 2 As per the joint communiquà © of 21 October 1992, for the construction of the eastern afflux bund on the Tanakpur barrage, at Jimuwa and subsequently tying it up at EL 250 m in Nepal, Nepal gave consent to about 577 m i.e. 2.9 hectares of land. However Nepal proposed to have her sovereign control on the land including the pond age area which falls in Nepalese territory and thus free to exercise all attendant rights thereto. Also in return to the land for construction of the eastern afflux bund, Nepal would have the right to the following:-: A supply of 1000 cusecs of water in the wet season and 300 cusecs during the dry season from the date of agreement and for which India would construct the head regulator(s) near the Tanakpur barrage along with the waterways of the required capacity up to the border which would be operated jointly. India would construct a 132 kV transmission line up to the Nepal-India border from the Tanakpur Power Station so as to supply 70 million kwh (unit) of energy on annual basis free of cost from the day the treaty is in force. In case of any development of any storage project(s) including Pancheswar Multipurpose Project, the under mentioned arrangements would be made at the Tanakpur Barrage: Additional water ways and head regulators would be constructed to supply additional water to Nepal up to the Indo-Nepal border which would be operated jointly. Nepal shall have additional energy which would be equal to half of the incremental energy generated from the Tanakpur Power Station, on a continuous basis from the date of augmentation of the flow of the Mahakali river and shall bear half of the additional capital cost at the Tanakpur Power Station for the generation of such incremental energy. Article 3 As per Article 3, Pancheswar Multipurpose Project would be constructed on a stretch of the Mahakali river where it forms the boundary between the two countries thereby both the nations would have an equal entitlement in the utilization of the water of the river without prejudicing to their respective existing consumptive use of the waters of the river. The countries would agree to implement the project on the Mahakali river in accordance with the Detailed Project Report (DPR) being jointly prepared by them. The project would be designed and implemented on the basis of the following principles: The project would be designed to produce the maximum benefit. All benefits accruing to both the countries would be assessed accordingly. The project shall be implemented in a way to include power stations of equal capacity on each side of the Mahakali river. Both the power stations shall be operated in an integrated manner and the net energy generated shall be equally shared. The cost of the project shall be borne proportionately by both the countries in terms of the benefits accruing to them. Both the countries shall endeavour to mobilize the finance required for the implementation of the project. A portion of Nepals share of energy shall be sold to India and the quantum and cost of the energy would be as mutually agreed. Article 4 India shall supply 350 cusecs of water for irrigation of Dodhara -Chandani area of the Nepalese Territory. The technical and other details would be mutually worked out. Article 5 The water requirement of Nepal would be given prime consideration in the utilization of the waters of the Mahakali River. Both the countries would be entitled to draw their share of water of the river from the Tanakpur Barrage and/or other mutually agreed points as provided for in the treaty and any subsequent agreement between the countries. Article 6 Any project, other than those mentioned in these articles, to be developed on the Mahakali river, where it is a boundary river, shall be designed and implemented by an agreement between the countries on the principles established by this treaty. Article 7 As per Article 7, to maintain the flow and desired level of the water of the Mahakali river, each country undertook not to use, obstruct or divert the water of the river which might adversely affect the natural flow and level except by an agreement between the countries. However, this would not preclude the use of the waters of the Mahakali river by the local communities living along both the sides of the river, not exceeding five percent of the average annual flow of the river at Pancheswar. Article 8 Article 8 stipulates that this treaty should not preclude planning, survey, development and operation of any work on the tributaries of the Mahakali river, to be carried out independently by either of the country in their own country without adversely affecting the provision of Article 7. Article 9 As per Article 9, there shall be a Mahakali river Commission guided by the principles of equality, mutual benefit and no harm to either of the country. The Commission would be composed of equal number of representatives from both the countries. The functions of the Commission would be as under:- To seek information, inspect all structures included in the treaty and make recommendations to take steps for implementation of the provision of the treaty. To make recommendations to both the countries for the conservation and utilization of the Mahakali river as envisaged and provided for in the treaty. To provide expert evaluation of projects and recommendations. To co-ordinate and monitor plans of actions arising out of the implementation of the treaty. To examine any differences arising between the nations concerning the interpretation and application of the treaty. The expenses of the Commission would be borne equally by both the countries. The Commission once constituted would submit the rules of procedure as drafted to both the countries for their concurrence and both the nations shall reserve their rights to directly deal with each other on matters, which may be in the competence of the Commission. Article 10 Under Article 10, both the countries could form project specific joint entities for the development, execution and operation of new projects including Pancheswar Multipurpose Project on the Mahakali river for mutual benefit. Article 11 Article 11 states that if the Commission fails under Article 9 of the treaty to recommend its opinion on any dispute relating to the matter within a span of three months or if either of the countries disagrees with the recommendations of the Commission, then it would be deemed that the dispute has arisen and would be submitted to arbitration for decision. In such a case also the country going for such a stand would give a minimum of three months notice to the other. Arbitration would be conducted by a tribunal composed of three arbitrators. One arbitrator shall be nominated by Nepal, one by India and the third jointly by both the countries. However neither of the arbitrator should be a national of either of the country. The third arbitrator would preside over the tribunal. In case both the countries fail to agree upon the third arbitrator, then, in a time period of three months after receipt of a proposal, either of the nations can request the Secretary-General of the Permanent Court of Arbitration at the Hague to appoint such arbitrator who should not be a national of either country. The procedures of the arbitration would be determined by the arbitration tribunal and the decision of a majority of the arbitrators would be assumed as the decision of the tribunal and would be accepted as final and binding. For the provision for the venue of arbitration, the administrative support and the remuneration and expenses of its arbitrators would be as agreed upon by exchange of notes between the nations and in that, both the countries can decide on alternative procedures for settling differences which would have aroused in the treaty. Article 12 Following the conclusion of the treaty, the earlier understanding arrived at by both the countries concerning the utilization of the waters of the Mahakali river from the Sarda and the Tanakpur barrage, which had been incorporated in the treaty was to be deemed to have replaced by this treaty. The treaty would be subject to ratification and would enter into force on the date of exchange of instruments of ratification and would remain valid for seventy five years from the date of its entry into force. The treaty would be reviewed after every ten years or earlier as required by either of the country and make amendments if required. CHAPTER IV ISSUES OF CONFLICT The treaty came into existence on 12 February 1996. The articles lacked specificity which led to ambiguity over the interpretation of the treaty. The differences which emerged out after the treaty came into existence are given in succeeding paragraphs. The Issue of Border River and Prospect of Equal Sharing[18] As far as border river is concerned, the river acts as boundary river on major stretches (refer Appendix P put sketch as per pg laid water of hope). Nepal argues that the river is a border river where both the countries differ as far as the interpretation of treaty is concerned. As far as equal sharing is concerned, Nepal argues that as the river belongs to both the countries therefore each country owns 50 percent water. The river flows as a boundary river between Pancheswar and Banbassa. As Nepal has interpreted the issue of equal entitlement, it claims half of the share of the river water between the locations. However Indias stand is that equal sharing implies that the river per se does not belong to either of the country and can be used by either as per the requirement. Upper riparian country cannot own any water and subsequently sell it to lower riparian country where the lower riparian country as such would receive the water due to natural flow. For India, equal sharing implies that both the countries equally share the incremental benefit and cost that is attached to the Pancheswar project. Existing Consumptive Use[19] Another major difference that exists is regarding the protection of consumptive use. Nepals concern is that in the treaty, only Nepals existing consumptive usage has been quantified and not of India. Furthermore as per the treaty (Article 3), the sharing of the capital cost of the Pancheswar project would be proportionate to the relative incremental benefit which have to be considered after protecting existing consumptive use of water of the river. Nepals concern is that the 2 mha land irrigated from lower Sarda barrage is outside the scope of the agreement as it is mostly dependent on the water from Ghagra or Karnali river for most part of the year and is dependent on the Mahakali river only from July to October. However Indias stand on this issue is that the system is very much under the treaty. The Kalapani Issue Kalapani as experts feel is a disputed area. It is roughly a 35 sq km area at the junction of India, Nepal and China[20]. Indian troops have been stationed there since 1962. There is though no relation between the boundary issue at Kalapani and the Pancheswar project but one of the strictures passed along on Mahakali in Nepalese Parliament states Mahakali as well as the location of its sources basically as a border river[21]. A Parliamentary committee took up studies to clarify the status of the Mahakali river and the issue of Kalapani emerged. As per the 1816 Segauli Treaty between Nepal and British India, Mahakali river would mark as the border between India and Nepal. The issue of contention is as to which of the stream actually constitutes as the source of the river. Nepals stand is that the Lipu Gad rivulet should mark as the border which implies that the area of Kalapani which is to further east should be part of Nepalese territory, however Indian experts fee l that the Mahakali river beings much downstream where the stream from Kalapani spring and Lipu Gad meet. India however reiterates that the issue should be settled based on old records, documents and survey reports. Site for Re regulating Structure.[22] A site was needed below the main dam to store and subsequently make controlled release of water passing through the Pancheswar dam and then meet the irrigation requirements further downstream. There were two locations which rose for discussion for construction of re regulating structure. First was at Rupaligad which Nepal preferred during the negotiation of the treaty. A re regulating structure at Rupaligad would generate about 240 MW of electricity owing to low height, of about 60 m. Also due to the low height, it would have limited storage capacity. For India, the site did not offer much benefit owing to lower production of energy and offers little of her irrigation demand. Indian experts feel that the site further downstream at Poornagiri would enable construction of a re regulating structure of 180 m height which would produce up to 1000 MW of energy as well as provide adequate storage. Nepals concern on this issue is that a dam at this site would inundate 2, 50,000 hectares of agricultural land and also displace 56,000 people from Nepal hills. Nepal looks at the proposal as a project designed by India to irrigate vast tracts of agricultural land in Uttar Pradesh. The Question of Power Tariff With the project in place a maximum of 6480 MW of electricity can be derived. As per Article 3 of the treaty, the power stations of equal capacity should be constructed on eithe

Sustainability in the City of Melbourne

Sustainability in the City of Melbourne Introduction The planets environment is warming up and our seas are acidifying at disturbing rates since we consume excessively fossil fuel. Essentially, in the event that we need to illuminate environmental change we should go net zero basically eliminating all greenhouse gas emissions by middle of the century The good news is that there are myriad solutions and innovations to help us tackle climate change.   Energy efficiency, smart urban design and 100% clean technologies, like solar, geothermal, tidal and wind and rapidly displacing fossil fuels. Purpose and justification This approach is a piece of City of Melbournes intend to create techniques to be one of the worlds most green urban communities. Achieving zero net emissions will include; Substantial structural Economic change Policy change in Melbourne to drive an increase in energy efficiency Decrease in use of carbon intensive fuel sources Offsetting any remaining emissions The future vision for the City of Melbourne is of a flourishing and maintainable city that all the while seeks after monetary thriving, social value and ecological quality. A key component of this vision is to urge individuals to live in the city. Through dynamic consolation of private improvement and by giving a focal point of culture and diversion, the City of Melbourne has made an appealing area for Melburnians to live. From an entire of-Melbourne point of view, this vision can possibly help with decreasing general emissions as it evacuates or altogether lessens the requirement for occupants to utilize an engine vehicle for work, amusement or shopping purposes. Objective(s) Become a carbon neutral city Being carbon neutral implies that the net greenhouse gas emissions related with an associations or citys, activities are equivalent to zero. It is accomplished through a blend of measuring and decreasing greenhouse gas discharges and acquiring of carbon offsets. Zero net emissions and carbon neutral are terms that can be utilized reciprocally. Make a striking and sustainable future for the Municipality of Melbourne Through research and technical analysis, City of Melbourne has distinguished proof based needs, which upgrade the measure of emissions reduction and limit cost. Commercial buildings have the biggest potential to decrease emissions. Residential buildings, transport, waste and energy supply are other key divisions where innovatively practical and financially accessible chances to decrease emissions are obvious. Example; For council operations and leadership-Maintain carbon neutrality, reduce greenhouse gas by 10%. Need to review and measure the effectiveness of the emission reducing initiatives annually. Commercial buildings and industry- roughly a 4% increase in energy efficiency per building. City of Melbourne will display case the potential to create positive-energy buildings, which generate more energy than they use. The later will ease opportunities to drive efficiency outcomes through the design, construction and performance of buildings. Moreover, it will also facilitate ways to overcome the barriers currently preventing action to achieve high performing commercial buildings. Residential buildings- launch a long-term target in the implementation plan. City of Melbourne will bring together multiple parties to develop appropriate, reasonable and available solutions for decreasing emissions from peoples homes. Stationary energy supply- 25% of electricity from renewable sources The city will develop a joint connection with different companies to design and deliver an energy management and supply system for the municipality of Melbourne that: Meets the community needs and expectations for energy supply. Is safe and secure. Is managed and delivered economically and environmentally efficiently. Minimises greenhouse gas emissions. Supports Melbourne as a prosperous city and premier business location Responds to future demands, challenges and changes. Transport and freight- Using of low emission transport City of Melbourne will bring together multipleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨parties to develop solutions enabling people to move easily, safely and comfortably using environmentally sustainable transport, and to ensure the citys private transport network complements the public system. Waste management- decrease waste to landfill per resident Waste separation and collection Implement resource efficiency behaviour change programs targeting residents and the commercial sector. Identify optimum waste separation methodologies for residential and commercial sectors. Waste treatment Work with the Metropolitan Waste Management Group, councils, developers and building owners to develop alternatives to land disposal. Explore waste-to-energy solutions, in partnership with key players and industry. Success criteria Speed of limitation Cost effectiveness Leadership and Visibility Community support and awareness Innovation and Technology Co-benefits Assumptions and constraints Assumptions; Future population Economic growth Constraints; These climate changes will impact business and the broader community. Melbourne is predicted to be significantly affected by warmer temperatures, heat waves and intense storm events. High level project description Significant progress were made by City Of Melbourne in order to become a zero net emissions.   These projects have been realised in year 2003, namely: Queen Victoria Market Solar array installed City of Melbourne replacing old style recycling crates with mobile recycling bins Established the sustainable Melbourne Fund First Victorian Wind Farm Certified carbon neutral for its council Completion of the Swanston Street redevelopment increasing public transport and cycling access High level risks Australia/ City of Melbourne is at risk of being socially and financially not ready for the changes that will happen in the near future. Flood risks exist in zones near the Yarra and Maribyrnong Summary milestone Melbourne will turn into a zero-net emitter of greenhouse gasses by decreasing its emissions and sourcing all its energy from renewable sources. Thus resulting in an eco-city and decent to live in. Summary budget To be investigated Stakeholder list Reducing Melbournes greenhouse gas emissions and working to become a zero-net emissions city requires collaboration from everyone in our community. A comprehensive, forward-thinking approach right now is crucial to implement the sustainable energy, infrastructure, transport and waste systems required to reduce our growing emissions. Therefore, major milestones can be accomplished by collaborating diligently with stakeholders like; Victorian Government Departments Energy Companies Regulators Property Developers Transport Providers Education institutions and researches Non-government organisations Industry associations Other Local Councils Approval requirements Building and planning approval Need to investigate deeply PM authority on staffing, technical decision, conflict resolution, budget management Initiating, planning, control and monitoring and closure

The Time Machine - Analysis :: essays research papers

There are numerous people in society who lack certain skills that they need for survival. These people may lack intelligence and depend on other human beings to help them get through life. However, most of the time, it is there fault that they lack these necessities. In â€Å"The Time Machine† by H.G Wells, the Eloi had this problem. They were victims of their own weaknesses because they didn’t understand that learning these important skills was necessary for them to survive. When he arrived in the future, The Time Traveller, after seeing and hearing the Eloi, concluded that they had an extremely low intelligence compared to the people that lived in his time. They were often described as and compared to little children. â€Å"Then one of them asked me a question that showed him to be on the intellectual level of one of our five year old children.†(39) He was very shocked about this weakness that the Eloi possessed. The fact that the Time Traveller lived 800,00 years in the past led him to believe that over time, the generations got less and less intelligent and more involved with having fun compared to the world where he lived. The Time Traveller also realized that the Eloi were very dependent on other people for many of there resources. He mentioned that the Eloi had houses and clothing but he didn’t see any machinery or anything that could possibly produce these items. â€Å"There were no shops, no workshops, no sign of importations among them.† (65) This led him the believe that there had to be someone or something that was making these items for them. Since the Time Traveller had already know about the low intelligence of the Eloi, this didn’t come as surprize to him. He was able to come to the conclusion that the Eloi cannot do very much for themselves. Another fact that the Time Traveler came across was that the Eloi spent all day playing games and doing nothing of importance. He didn't understand how they could get things done and survive in their world. "They spent all day of their time in playing gently, in bathing in the river, in making love in a half-playful fashion, in eating fruit and sleeping. I could not see how things were kept going." (65) He thought that the Eloi acted just like little children. The thing that puzzled him was how the society could function properly when no one took anything seriously. He never saw an Eloi doing work or anything of value. As a result, the Time Traveller didn't understand how the Eloi stayed alive.

Boston Tea Party :: essays research papers

The Boston Tea Party was the key-event for the Revolutionary War. With this act, the colonists started the violent part of the revolution. It was the first try of the colonists, to rebel with violence against their own government. The following events were created by the snowball effect. There, all the colonists realized the first time, that they were treated wrong by the British government. It was an important step towards the independence dream, which was resting in the head of each colonist. They all flew from their mother country to start a new life in a new world, but the British government didn't gine them the possibility by controlling them. The causes for the Boston Tea Party The events leading to the Boston Tea Party began already ten years before ( 1763 ), when the English won the French-and-Indian War. The king of Britain passed taxes on the colonies to make up for the loss of money because of the war. He did it in a line of acts, called the Sugar Act ( tax to protect and secure the colonists ) and the Stamp Act ( tax on all licences, newspapers and business papers ). The colonists reacted with protests against those acts, what made the British Parliament to repeal the taxes within 5 months. Then they (the government ) passed taxes on lead, paint, paper and tea. These acts were called the Townshed Duties, but the colonists called them the "Insidious Acts". Mass meetings were held and people tried to influence others not to buy English imported goods anymore. In the end the parliament removed all the taxes except for tea. Actually the colonists easily didn't want to accept, to pay taxes to a government, they don't really belong to anymore. Although this tax on the tea cost a colonial family just pennies a year. Sam Adams, a kind of leader of the colonists, figured out, that the tax could be raised or lowered by the parliament at will. ( Sam Adams: "The power to tax is the power to destroy!" ).He also pointed out, that the colonists had no representation in the Parliament, and that they can't be taxed without having a representation in there, to care for their interests and wills. However, most people drank tea smuggled in from the Netherlands, so they didn't care very much whether the parliament raises or lowers the taxes.

Rodeo State Finals Essay -- Descriptive Essay Examples

Rodeo State Finals This is what I had been hoping for the entire year. I had been to many that were quite the same to this one, but none that could give me the same enduring edginess and serenity that I was feeling right now. My eyes skimmed across the hundreds of people who were all there for the same reason as me. Striving to be out of the sweltering sun, but not out of clear view of what I came for, I lead myself in a mighty search for the spot for which I belonged. As I sat down, I prepared myself for the pain that I was going to feel about an hour later. I always forgot how sore I would get from sitting on the bleachers for so long, but every time I approached them, I would remember and smile. During, the whole rodeo season I looked forward to going to the State Finals. I didn't attend the finals as a participant, but as a spectator. As President of the "Saddle Bronc Fan Club" for my friend Cole, there was no way I would miss this experience. We both had been looking forward to this day for a long time. Everything about going to this rodeo was fantastic: the food, the fun, most of all, the rodeo grounds. The place that I fit in was in the stands of the arena. Sitting there for four days got a little old, and, going on the fifth day, I was a little tired. Nevertheless, tired or not, this was what I had been looking forward to--the Short Go. This is the round in a rodeo when the top 15 from each event compete for the title of State Champion. This day was different from the other days that I had come. I could feel the tension and hostility in the air from the contestants. Maybe it was from the stress and pressure of the day's rodeo, or maybe it was from the fact that they all were wearing long sleeve sh... ...addition, no one could beat the way I was feeling. This is where I belonged even though others thought different. I had never once thought about going to rodeos until I met Cole. He had led me to something that I will now look forward to going to for the rest of my life. Even with the blistering sun and even with the pouring rain, I found a sense of my own belongingness. Just because I didn't look the part of a usual rodeo fan, didn't mean that I wasn't one of the biggest fans of all. I was glad that I could be a supporter for my friend, but most of all I was glad for the new, thrilling experience. It was a feeling that no roller coaster ride could ever give me. My next journey was in a month, and I was on my way to the next big rodeo, Nationals. I expected the same response from people there as here, but I was hopeful for it. With this thought, I smiled.

A Complicated Conversation with William Pinar: A Reader Response to “From Autobiography to Allegory” Essay

William Pinar (2011): â€Å"To understand curriculum as complicated conversation, I invoke the concept of ‘allegory.’ It is, in my usage, interrelated with ‘reconstruction,’ as each reactivates the past in order to find the future. To reconstruct means to ‘establish or assemble again†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (49). Alyssa: Establish or assemble again†¦.ok, I am in Grammy’s house, she is in her chair, we are drinking tea, or playing cards, yes, if I am going to establish or assemble again, I may as well go back to when she could see, we are sitting, drinking tea and playing cards. Then I’m in Nova Scotia, in Grandmere and Grandpere’s kitchen, and Grandpere is sitting in his rocking chair by the fire, telling me a story about when he was a teacher, about his students, about when the twins were born, asking me about my school, my life, remembering my name, remembering my last visit and eating chocolate-coated digestive cookies because that is what we always did. William Pinar (2011): â€Å"It is important to note that my conception of ‘reconstruction’ contrasts with its usages in historiography, that is, aiming to reconstruct the past ‘as it was’†¦ (50). Alyssa: What?!?! But, reconstructing the past is reconstructing the past! I want to reconstruct the past! I want to be in Grammy’s living room, or talking to Grandpere when he remembered my name! You said I could reconstruct the past, you told me I could, and now you are telling me that I can’t†¦ Almost word for word, this was my experience reading Chapter 2, â€Å"From Autobiography to Allegory†, in William Pinar’s What is Curriculum Theory? After reading the first part of the chapter, outlining the concept of autobiography and its significance to curriculum theory and to the self, I found myself daydreaming about the past. In no time, I was in my recently deceased  Grandmother’s presence again, or imagining the lucid state of my Grandfather, now suffering from dementia and residing in a nursing home. I was happy in these memories. Then William Pinar continued talking and ruined my state of happiness. So, I complained. I told him how angry I was at him, how happy I had been that I found validation for living within these past memories and how he ruined it for me. It was at this moment that I recognized that somehow without even realizing it, I had entered into a complicated conversation with William Pinar. Pinar (2011) describes a complicated conversation as a†¦conversation in which interlocutors are speaking not only among themselves but to those not present, not only to historical figures and unnamed peoples and places they may be studying, but to politicians and parents dead and alive, not to mention to the selves they have been, are in the process of becoming, and someday may become (43). My conversation included myself, past and present, William Pinar, my deceased Grandmother, and the past version of my Grandfather. Furthermore, the simple act of writing this paper brings you, the readers into the conversation as well. According to these terms, I would classify it as a ‘complicated conversation.’ The more I delved into this thought, the more I realized how often I find myself entering into this kind of dialogue. Whether I am sitting on the bus, playing out a conversation with the person next to me based on the book they are reading, or sitting in the classroom discussing the response to a question based on the views of many a theorist, former teacher, or famous celebrity, or planning and imagining lessons plans for my future students based on something I am experiencing in the present day, or something I have experienced in the past, these are the voices, both real and imagined, continuously flowing through my thoughts. For the most part, these would be deemed daydreams, unwanted and unwelcomed imaginings in a classroom, or any setting where productive work is expected. But, according to Pinar, they are, instead, complicated conversations of curriculum. In following with the method of currere, the running of the course, they are a necessary part of understanding the curriculu m through the understanding oneself (Pinar, 2011, pp. 44). By allowing these sorts of complicated conversations in the classroom, by allowing the students to discuss, to converse, to question,  the things they are learning, the texts they are reading, by allowing the students to actively engage in the curriculum presented to them, to bring their own narratives into the classroom, rather than merely sitting and listening; the responsibility of learning falls upon not only the teacher, but also the students. Furthermore, Pinar (2011) notes that a complicated conversations also serves as a â€Å"conversation with oneself [as a ‘private person’] and with others threaded through academic knowledge, an ongoing project of self-understanding in which one becomes mobilized for engagement in the world† (47). Although anchored in academic thought, these conversations are not meant to remain solely in the academic realm. They are meant to delve into personal narratives and emotional stories; they are meant to delve into autobiography. Thus, by allowing complicated conversations in the classrooms, we are not only giving students an opportunity to take responsibility of their own learning, but to connect to their learning and to the curriculum through their own autobiographical narratives. Yet, complete understanding requires more than autobiography; it requires allegory. Pinar (2011) cites allegory as more than the mere exchange of information and stories, but the ability to reflect on the information and finding meaning in the present from the stories of the past (50). In terms of allegory’s connection to autobiography, Pinar (2011) furthers the conversation by adding that â€Å"[h]istorical facts are primary, but it is facts’ capacity to invoke our imagination that marks them as allegorical, Their meaning is not confined to the past where they occurred; they spill into our existence of the present†¦history becomes accessible through allegory† (54). Thus, historical facts and autobiographical narratives, although interesting, carry little significance without the use of allegory. Historians are continuously pleading with the world to heed to lessons of history, but these requests often go unanswered until the moment when something occurs in the present day which recalls the experiences of the past. At this point, history is explored in relation to the present reality, invoking allegory as it brings meaning to the present. Through the concept of complicated conversation, autobiography and allegory exist as a circular movement as the process repeats itself with each new piece of information. Through this dialogue with theory, ourselves, and others, we explore autobiographical narratives, which connect to our present selves  through allegory, which in turn enlighten our experience of the present, rounding up our complicated conversation. In terms of my own complicated conversation, the concept of entering into curriculum theory through the concept of autobiography remains easy. As a history student, researching historical narratives are my forte. This interest in the past led me into a search of my family history. Consequently, I have visited places, and read notices, and held objects owned by my ancestors. Thus, readin g Pinar’s (2011) suggestion that â€Å"we find the future not in the present, but in the past† (49) was an exciting moment during my dialogue with the text. At this point, I began thinking about my grandparents, about my childhood, and all those happy moments from my past, thinking that these moments, exactly as they were would lead me to the future. For a split second, Pinar had convinced me I held the key to my future because I knew my past. But, as previously discussed, this illusion was shattered instantaneously. The concept of allegory was a bit more complicated. As previously mentioned, through allegory, the stories reactivated from the past lead to significance, to a greater understanding and answer the question: â€Å"what might this knowledge signify for us as actually existing individuals in this time, in this place?† (Pinar, 2011, pp. 50-51). Thinking through autobiographical narratives, from my point of view, is easy. Thinking allegorically, is not. Yet, in terms of the contents of the chapter, the introduction of the Weimer Republic, a story from the past, as an allegory to better understand the present reality, I was reasonably able to understand the relationship and the significance. I could understand and reactivate the historical events of Weimer Germany, and place them in juxtaposition with today’s world, adequately using this allegory to further inform my understanding of the present and shape my view of the future. But, I did not feel like I could end my conversation there. The text led me to my dead Grandmother, my lucid Grandpere, I could not simply leave them in the middle of a conversation. This chapter meant more to me than a simple explanation of theories in order to set up for the remainder of the book. As Pinar (2011) himself notes, â€Å"[t]he curricular question is a call to individuality†¦[as]†¦academic knowledge is also a question of self-knowledge† (57). In other words, I was not content leaving the conversation solely as a discussion of the past Weimer and its meaning for today. It affected me at a  personal level, as I weaved parts of my own autobiographical narrative into the words and theories on paper. I did more than just read the words on the paper; I entered into a complicated conversation and was committed to following through this process to the end, from autobiography to allegory. But, as I mentioned, I had a hard time working through the concept of allegory. How could I turn my memories of my Grandmother, or my Grandpere, into something meaningful for my present, to lead me into my future? Something meaningful to inform my experience with currere, with the running the course? How do these experiences affect me as a student, as a teacher, or as an individual? How can they be something more than sometimes pleasant, sometimes not so pleasant, memories? Just as I begin to panic, realizing that this conversation is drawing t o a close as the remaining pages of the chapter become fewer and fewer, Pinar (2011) opens up and speaks directly to me again: â€Å"†¦educators are engaged in an ongoing conversation. As in any conversation, one discerns misunderstanding, can supplement incomplete comprehension, and support questioning† (55). A sigh of relief emerges as I am comforted with the fact that this conversation is ongoing and does not end with the last sentence in the chapter. I am further comforted knowing that I do not have to immediately come to a complete understanding, can continue to question, and even leave a little room to make mistakes and revisit the original discussion. This entire experience reinforces for me, the notion that curriculum is not just the textbooks we read and the tests we take, but everything we experience, both in and outside the classroom. I am convinced that these memories are part of my curriculum, my autobiography, and that I will take them with me on my running of the course, and one day, maybe, I will find an allegory and move them beyond the past and into the present. Work Cited Pinar, W. (2011). â€Å"From autobiography to allegory†. In What is curriculum theory? New York, New York: Routledge

Professional nursing boundaries Essay

Nurses kn sustain as a health cargon issuer and provide c abide kin non only betwixt uncomplaining and the hospital but besides for new(prenominal) health charge profession such(prenominal) as dilutes and coadjutor medical officer and as well as between communities. Their servicings ar very essential and thitherfore they performing heart in the medical and health forethought service home elaborate in Malaysia.Due to the rapidly changing in Malaysia health armorial bearing environment, the adjudges ar regard to provide take through their drawn-out graphemes and provide services rendered by different healthc are passkey in articulate to complement the health service to the population. Therefore, Malaysian flirt withs arrive become aware for efficacious and ethical issues that eat up imp constituteed on their pr figure outise and recognised the importance of come that harbor legal and ethical rationale thus promoting competency and decision devis ing.In Malaysia itself, most of the major population put away choose to get treatment from regimen. It is beca habituate government hospital provides just quality service in healthcare, provide an gathers technologies, provide dexterous round, sophisticated equipment beside the cheapest service that they get. In the healthcare service nowadays, passe-partout person boundaries are authoritative issues and have been a quite fashionable topic. primary eachy, if we search an internet pertaining to skipper boundaries we forever oft get the closure are mainly slightly interactions between haves and unhurried or node. accord to College of Registered Nurse of British Columbia (no date), urged that at heart the bind and invitee birth, the client relationship are often vulnerable because the treat has influenced, access to information, and alter association and dexterity. If the suck does non use her judgement care fullyy they tend to use their ability.2(wrds co unt 263)Like other health care service, sustains outhouse cause molest to patient if they do non full fill their leads. To provide a safest care to patient, restrains moldiness know the c oncepts of professed(prenominal) boundaries. This border as well defined as a professional relationship are sharing or gave other profession or treat their operation based on cooperation and team ferment among them. Professional boundaries in nursing are defined as limits which protect the space betweenthe professionals power and the clients vulner index stated by ( take & obstetrics Board of Australia, 2010 p1). However, also quoted by treat and Midwifery Council (no date, p1) that boundaries in nursing also define as the limits of behaviour which depart a keep back or midwife to have a professional relationship with a person in their care. Within this assignment I consider to explore the problem encountered in both(prenominal) relationship and professional boundaries between t he perioperative admit and the general anesthesia throw (GA nurse).This assignments bearing are also to gain experience and experience between the Ga nurse and perioperative nurse. I am a proficient supply nurse currently exit as a general anaesthetic agent nurse for almost 10 eld in the tertiary hospital hardened in Kota Kinabalu. I have my side basic in advance parchment of anesthesia later on I goal my 1 year course in anaesthesia field. I noticed that there is a bounds in my work between the perioperative nurse and the general anaesthesia nurses, the boundaries are mainly traditional boundaries. further even though the work caper is different but the main resolve is for patient safety and quality of work.Basic exclusivelyy perioperative nurse are workings in the moderate(a) field of battle.Their mathematical functions are to assist sawbones in different running(a) procedure, and also helping patient homy to begin with surgery. Scope of perioperat ive work also turnout by helping patient after and bunk operatively. This nurse helps the smoothness of the surgical procedure. A scrub nurse and go around nurse is specially trained nurse who work with surgeon in the operational agency. or so of our scrub nurse and move nurse are very see, technical nurses and most of them already had their advance diploma in perioperative nursing. In my oeuvre I set a traditional fogged boundaries pertaining to my institutionalize surface area. The blurred boundaries are identify in some operating elbow dwell setting between the circulating nurse and general anaesthesia nurse. In my study the general anaesthesia nurse entrust be allocate in apiece of operating room setting.The general anaesthesia nurse leave assists the anaesthesia doctor during the demonstration of anaesthesia, giving medication, setting intravenous line, anchoring endotracheal tube also to keep patient calm and safe before the induction of anaesthesia. Norma lly, the GA nursetends to have an advance training in anaesthesia such as authentication in anaesthesia where we go away get after 1 year attend post basic in anaesthesia. In Malaysia, we had to have the certificate before we can work in the operating battlefield as a GA nurse. As quoted by Lukosius et al (2004, p523), to be a good nurse in use, the organization must have legislation and protected titles for clinical nurse specialist, nurse midwives, and nurse anaesthetist, so they can work according to their standard rule.Working in the operating room is about team work among the various types of healthcare such as nurses, supporter medical officer, surgeon, anaesthetic doctor and also hospital attendance. Each of them plays their roles in the operating theatre by providing service direct and indirectly. This team work among the health care services are the strength of all organizations but the boundaries within this working area a still been taking care and are respected. Blu rred boundaries that I identified happen in my workplace are due to some problem such as shortage of staff and because of an unable(p) inter-professional working. The Ga nurse and the perioperative nurse have tried to worked together and share proletariat based on common get along or skill, but the job definition are still remain un get through. twain of them are still not understands about their placing parameters.Because of the unclear job description and not understanding the role ambiguity is created and misapprehension can arise. As quoted by Rushmer et al (2005,p.80) said, when the limits (boundaries) of sharing are ignored, nothing is clear and certainty is lost, the ability of collaboration to rail realistically for their work together is asleep(p) where one of the parties ends up doing all the work, or all the unpleasant parts of the work. Miers et al (2009) revealed, that the nurses are key to the victor of inter-professional team. The effective of inter-professi onal also mentioned in the NMC rule of conduct (2008), where the competencies that set by a mentor able to maintained professional boundaries and coordinate engageing in an working environment and in an inter-professional working.Because shortage of staff especially nurses, some of the general anaesthesianurse are need to baffle more than than one operating room at the same time. When GA nurse are needed in the other operating room, the circulating nurse who worked in that particular operating room will had to act as a GA nurse. At the other hand GA nurse also can act as a circulating nurse when the job is compromised. As stated in NMC code of conduct (no date), a nurse had to have advance skilled as well as increase fellowship. Even though the circulating nurse does not have experience and skill as a GA nurse, it is they responsibilities to learn and gain knowledge and skill as a GA nurse. In Malaysia Nursing code of conduct (1998.p2), quoted that nurses are responsibilities a nd business for her owns nursing judgement and action.When delegating work, the nurse remain accountable for the work through and suspend supervision and support and charge to be given to her. The circulating nurse needs to be supervised and indoctrinate by the senior nurse who had the experienced or qualified as a GA nurse before she act and helped as a GA nurse. likewise quotes by Nursing and Midwifery council (no date), nurses must always be aware of their limits and ability and role boundaries, acknowledge their professional terminal point and make accountable for their decision making and ability to work in a safe and effective manner. This is reflected in the following paragraph of the Code of have a bun in the oven (2008), which states that the nurse must have the knowledge and skill for safe and effective rehearse when working without direct supervision, recognise and work within limit, keep knowledge up to date and take part in learning and make out that maintain a nd excogitate your performance and competencies.Although the nurses considering working in the vista not related to their job, they have to fulfill their labor movement even though their do not have required registerable in that possess. For example although a registered nurse may work in operating theatre as a GA nurse or circulating nurse, they must not necessary to have a post basic course and qualified anaesthesia course. The environment also influenced the role of professional boundaries in my workplace. The nurses who work in operating theatre are abiding by nursing policies and regulations. In the operating theatre we also have our standard of reading called standard operating procedure where all thenurses will follow the standard of do procedure while performing their job.harmonize to Brown (1998), Read (1999), Hamric (2000), Styles & Lewis (2000) cited in Lukosius et al (2004, p522), quotes that environment influence the explicatement boundary in nursing roles, incl uding work environment, policies and procedure, range of a function of practice, work schedule and work practice can influence the new roles in nursing practice. Creating boundaries is a good way to keep professional relationship among the GA nurse and the perioperative nurse. The professional relationships are based on trust, respect, meeting the need of client and the appropriate use of power. fit in to National Council of State Boards of Nursing (no date) quotes, that the power of a nurses comes from his/her professional position. According to Retzklf (2012), when nurses show respect to each other, professional task, patient safety and nurse judgement of being part of the team are improved. However study has done by Lowe et al (2013), he suggest that once other staff familiar with the task given and their role, they are more comfortable working with other colleagues.Convesly, when nurse do not acknowledge of each other, competency or disregard their suggestion , enlarged comp etitive attitudes can develop, colleagues can began to distrustfulness each other and the nurses can lose their interest in the nursing profession. Most nurses are aware of of blurring boundaries in professional practice but they still need to touch other professional train with permission and with clear instruction due to the role uncertainty and role ambiguity. As quotes by Alberta Association of registered nurse (2005, p.3),that a registered nurse in any role can ensure that professional boundaries are respected by applying the following guidepost to their nursing practice as appropriate for their role. This happen in my workplace where the perioperative nurse and the Ga nurse will work according to our nursing practice standards.Health providers can choose to multifariousness or develop new corrective boundaries after identified new areas of work according to their interest of work such as an advance practitioners nurse in anaesthesia or as a clinical nurse to gain more know ledge and skill in their own field. According to Chang et al (2011,p3), that the advance practice nurse position is a result of changing healthcareneeds and corroboratory effects from this new roles have been astray document, improve patient out came and increased patient satisfaction. But in Malaysia there are still challenges in develop and implementing of advance practice nurse role. I hope there will be implement in the future. However, according to Witz (1992) cited in Nancarrow et al (2005) revealed his theory working in workforce in four thrill diversification, specialization, horizontal shift and vertical substitution allow any healthcare provider to change their disciplinary boundaries and identified a new areas of work.Boundaries are important in successful professional project. It is good to have boundaries among health care workers but it is has to be in the positive way and within limits. Boundaries are also important for staff well-being , staff can develop wider expertise, gain knowledge of the new role and skills, contribute actively to new development, provide cross over and for effective client service.